Valuation Principles

Financial statements for individual companies are consolidated into the Group's financial statements, and valued in accordance with uniform principles across the Group. The most important valuation methods for the individual balance sheet positions are as follows:

Liquid Assets

Liquid assets include cash, current account balances at banks and other financial institutions, as well as fixed term deposits with maturity of no more than 90 days. Liquid assets are valued at their nominal rate.

Marketable Securities

Short-term securities include marketable and easily realisable securities investments and term deposits with a maturity of three to twelve months. Securities are valued at market prices. Term deposits are valued at their nominal rate.

Receivables

Receivables are valued at their nominal rate. Value adjustments are carried out for identifiable individual risks. Experienced based country-specific value adjustments (2% to 10%) are applied to other risks.

Inventories

Inventories are valued at either their acquisition or manufacturing costs. However, if the market price is lower, this figure is applied instead. Manufacturing costs include the cost of raw materials, individual production costs and a portion of allocated general overhead costs. The values used for items whose marketability is limited, are partially or entirely corrected according to their recognisable risks of loss. Inventories of intra-Group distribution are not assigned an intermediate profit. Discounts are recorded as reductions in the cost of goods.

Tangible Assets

Tangible assets are valued at their acquisition or manufacturing cost less any applicable depreciation. Depreciation is linear over the expected useful life of the asset, taking residual values into account. The relevant depreciation periods are as follows:

Assets of insubstantial value are directly expensed in the income statement upon acquisition. Intermediate profits arising from intra-Group asset transfers are eliminated.

Leasing

Leased assets (financial leases) are reported as assets in the balance sheet. At the beginning of the contract, leasing payments are established by applying either the leased goods' purchase value or market value respectively. Alternatively cash value is applied if lower. The corresponding liability toward the leasing grantor is carried as liabilities from financial leasing. Cost from rental agreements and operational leasing are recorded in the income statement.

Financial Assets

Non-consolidated participations are recorded in the balance sheet at their proportionate equity or purchase values. Loans and marketable securities are recorded at their nominal values or purchase prices respectively less any applicable value adjustments.

Intangible Assets

Intangible assets include brands, patents, licences, software and other intangibles. Acquired intangible assets are reported in the balance sheet at acquisition cost and are subject to linear amortisation over their estimated useful life. If it is impossible to determine the useful life of an intangible asset, it is generally amortised over a period of five years.

Assets of insubstantial value are directly expensed in the income statement upon acquisition.

Asset Impairment

If there is evidence that the value of an asset has been impaired, an "Impairment Test" is carried out. If the test reveals that there is indeed an impairment of assets, the book value is reduced with a net income effect on the attainable value (higher value of net market value and utility value).

Liabilities

Short-term a.k.a. current liabilities are debts that are repayable within one year. When the due dates are beyond one year they are posted in the balance sheet under long-term liabilities. Liabilities (incl. financial debts) are recorded in the balance sheet at nominal value.

Provisions

Provisions are formed when a legal or de facto obligation from past events has arisen. The outflow of funds to meet this obligation is likely, and provisionally it is possible to estimate its' amount reliably. The future outflow of funds is reported in the balance sheet at nominal value. If material, it is discounted as per the balance sheet date.

Taxes

All tax obligations, irrespective of their due dates, are set aside. Ongoing income taxes are calculated on the basis of taxable income and reported in the balance sheet under Liabilities. Deferred taxes are calculated based on all temporary differences between the values from the tax statement and the operating values. Tax relevant losses carried forward are only taken into account if it seems possible to offset them against income. The country specific tax rates are applied when calculating deferred taxes. Deferred tax assets are recorded in the balance sheet as financial assets and deferred tax liabilities as long-term provisions.

Derivative Financial Instruments

Derivative financial instruments are valued for trading and hedging purposes at their current value. Balance sheet relevant derivatives are reported under Other short-term receivables or Other short-term liabilities. Valuation changes are reported in the income statement.